Standard Library

Obviously a work in progress…

Intrinsic Functions

You can find the standard preamble.

Predefined functions include:

Mathematical Functions

  • id(x): Return x as-is.

  • int(a:number) : number: Convert floating-point value to integer.

  • sum(xs): add all the numbers in the given list and return their sum, or a if the list is empty.

  • product(xs): The product of a list of numbers, or 1 if that list is empty.

  • max(a,b): Return the larger of a and b.

  • min(a,b): Return the smaller of a and b.

  • Python’s math library of functions and constants are also installed, with two caveats: * log becomes two functions: log(x) and log_base(x, b) because Sophie does not deal in optional arguments. * hypot is re-implemented in Sophie because the python version takes a variable number of arguments. The Sophie version takes a list of numbers.

The Console

The standard preamble defines an actor called console (lower-case) with this interface:

Console is role:
    echo(list[string]);
    read(!(string));
    random(!(number));
end;

  • echo means to print each string to the console with no space between.

  • read means to await keyboard input, ending with [return] or [enter], and send it to the parameter.

  • random means to send a number chosen at random, at least zero and less than 1, to its parameter.

Turtle Graphics

To use Sophie’s turtle-graphics, import the sys."turtle" module. It offers the designated type drawing which represents the runtime presenting a list of turtle-steps as a picture:

drawing is (steps: list[turtle_step]);

Put your drawings as expressions in the begin:-block.

The type of turtle_step is defined as:

turtle_step is case:
    forward(distance:number);
    backward(distance:number);
    right(angle:number);
    left(angle:number);
    goto(x:number, y:number);
    setheading(angle:number);
    home;
    pendown;
    penup;
    color(color:string);
    pensize(width:number);
    showturtle;
    hideturtle;
esac;

Distances are expressed in pixels. Angles are in degrees, or 360ths of a complete rotation. The x and y coordinates are Cartesian from the lower left of the image. By default the turtle starts out centered on the drawing and facing the top of the screen.

Note

This is not what you’ll build games on. It’s part proof-of-concept and part fun-game in itself.

Game/Graphics/Sound/SDL

Sophie’s SDL integration is through module sys."game". Details are still in flux, so it’s best to have a look.

Data Structures and Algorithms

Sophie offers a balanced-tree implementation at sys."tree". That makes a nice ordered dictionary or set.

The interface types are:

Tree[K,V] is ... ;
Removed[K,V] is (item:maybe[entry[K,V]], rest:Tree[K,V]);

It relies on the standard-preambly type entry, given as:

entry[K,V] is (key: K, value:V);

Exported functions include:

new_tree:Tree
tree_of(es:list[entry]):Tree
is_empty(T:Tree):flag
search(T:Tree, key) : maybe[entry]
in_order(T:Tree) : list[entry]
assign(tree:Tree, key, value) : Tree
first(T:Tree) : maybe[entry]
last(T:Tree) : maybe[entry]
shift(root:Tree) : Removed
delete(root:Tree[K,V], key) : Removed

The type-signatures alone convey most of what you need to know. A few specifics:

  • search : That’s a maybe-value, not a maybe-item.

  • shift : Removes the first element, if there is one.

  • delete : If the key is not present, you get Removed(nope, root).

You can find an example.